Christianity And The Jewish Religion - 2350 Words

Christianity In the initial decades of the Roman Empire, at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, a new religion, Christianity, emerged. Much of the impetus for this new religion rested in issues in the Jewish religion, including a long-standing belief in the coming of a Messiah and rigidities that had developed in the Jewish priesthood. Whether or not Christianity was created by God, as Christians believe, the early stages of the religion focused on cleansing the Jewish religion of stiff rituals and haughty leaders. It had little at first to do with Roman culture. Christianity arose in a remote province and appealed particularly to the poorer classes. It is not easy, as a result, to fit Christianity neatly into the patterns of Roman history: It was deliberately separate, and only gradually had wider impact.(Robert A. Guisepi) Symbol The Christian cross has traditionally been a symbol representing Christianity or Christendom as a whole. The Christian cross was in use from the time of early Christianity, but it remained less prominent than competing symbols (Ichthys, Staurogram, Alpha and Omega, Christogram, Labarum, etc.) until the medieval Crusades. Early Christianity had use for such symbols due to the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, as the symbol allowed inconspicuous identification of one Christian to another.(2016, Wikipedia) Druze Faith The Druze, also known as the Sons of Grace, are a secretive, tightly-knit religious sect whose origins can beShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding the Relation Between Judaism and Christianity844 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans knowing the overall aspects of Christianity. There are many aspects of Christianity that roots back to Judaism Both historically and theologically; Christianity shares a tie with Judaism. It is undeniable that historically Christianity roots back to Judaism. And theologically, it shares the same divine god and its early preaching. The customs and traditions that early Christians followed were mostly Jewish traditions. However, over the time, both religions grew up to the animosity towards eachRead MoreChristianity, Islam, And Judaism1636 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity, Islam, and Judaism All three religions believe and worship the same God but they do it in different ways. Judaism happens to be the oldest religion today but they don’t have an official creed. They aim to teach you about God, the Messiah, human beings, and the universe which makes Jewish beliefs very important to them. But it is important to understand that being Jewish is more of a race and culture than it is a religion. Some Jewish people may have no interest in Judaism. Judaism hasRead MorePaul s Teachings Of Christianity1234 Words   |  5 Pagesthe center of Christianity, but without Paul, Christianity would never exist. Paul organized Jesus’s disciples after Jesus’s death. Paul introduced Christianity to Non-Jewish people. He was extremely talented at converting others. The New Testament is largely based off Paul’s teachings. Paul also shaped the way Christianity thinks, he was the man who took a small cult and shaped it so that it would become a world religion; Paul was the most important figure to the growth of Christianity, even more thanRead More Trinity of Beliefs Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesWorld the religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, which are all closely related, are examined. All three of these religions are Western, they are monotheistic, and together they form the Abramic religions. Judaism is the oldest, dating from around 2000 BC and the most ancient religion still practiced in todays society; Christianity originates from shortly after the death of Jesus Christ; Islam is the youngest, emerging in the seventh century AD. 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The Jewish theology began with Abraham, who God sent to Canaan, where it all began. Hebrews took Judaism as their first religion. 14 million people classify themselves as Jewish worldwide today. Coming from Judaism, Christianity was founded in 30 ADRead MoreA Complex Relationship Between Jews And Christians926 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom the beginning of Christianity. The displacement of the Jews throughout their history has not dampened the maintenance of their exceptional identity. They keep their individuality by adherence to the way of the Torah (Lecture 2, 2014). Christianity and Judaism share a common ground in that they are both ancient religions, much of the Jewish and Christian laws have had to be revitalized to fit the changing times. Much like the Po pe of the Catholic religion, in the Jewish faith the Pharisees haveRead MoreJudaism, Christianity, And Islam992 Words   |  4 PagesJudaism, Christianity and Islam are three of the most recognized monotheistic religions worldwide. 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This religion basedRead MoreThe Prophet, Muhammad, Islam1349 Words   |  6 PagesJudaism and Christianity both originate in Palestine, but Judaism commenced over 3,500 years ago while Christianity found its beginning in 33 C.E. Christianity was created by Christ, the son of God, while Abraham was the man credited with founding Judaism. Assuredly, albeit Judaism, Christianity and Islam were founded in divergent times, the religions still hold similarities in beliefs and teachings. However, differentiations are still present and significant. In ancient times the religions of Judaism

What Aspects and Characteristics of American Health Care...

What aspects and characteristics of American health care of the 18th and 19th centuries have had a major impact on shaping today’s U.S. health care system?† The main historical developments that have shaped the health care delivery system in the United States. Knowledge of the history of health care is essential for understanding the main characteristics of the system as it exists today. For example, the system’s historical foundations explain why health care delivery in the United States has been resistant to national health insurance, which has been adopted by Canada and most European nations. Traditionally held American cultural beliefs and values, technological advances, social changes, economic constraints, and political†¦show more content†¦In the early 1800s, both in Europe and in the United States, physicians with formal medical training began to stress the idea that germs and social conditions might cause and spread disease, especially in cities. Many municipalities created dispensaries that dispensed medicines to the poor and offered free physician services. Epidemics of cholera, diphtheria, tuberculosis, and ye llow fever, and concerns about sanitation and hygiene, led many city governments to create departments of health. New advances in studying bacteria were put to practical use as germ theory became the accepted cause for illness. It was in the face of epidemics and poor sanitation, government-sponsored public health, and healthcare that private healthcare began to systematically diverge. Impact As America became increasingly urbanized in the mid 1800s, hospitals, first built by city governments to treat the poor, began treating the not-so-poor. Doctors, with increased authority and power, stopped traveling to their sickest patients and began treating them all under one roof. Unlike hospitals in Europe where patients were treated in large wards, American patients who could pay were treated in smaller, often private rooms. In the years following the Civil War (1865), hospitals became either public or private. More medical schools and institutions devoted to medical research emerged. A trend toward physicians needing more trainingShow MoreRelatedHealthcare Essay18323 Words   |  74 PagesChapter 3 The Evolution of Health Services in the United States Learning Objectives To discover historical developments that have shaped the nature of the US health care delivery system To evaluate why the system has been resistant to national health insurance reforms To explore developments associated with the corporatization of health care To speculate on whether the era of socialized medicine has dawned in the United States â€Å"Where’s the market?† 81 26501_CH03_FINAL.indd 81 7/27/11 10:31:29Read MoreSources of Ethics20199 Words   |  81 PagesETHICS: 6 1- Religion: 6 2- Genetic Inheritance: 8 3- Philosophical Systems: 8 4- Cultural Experience: 8 5- The Legal System: 9 6- Codes of Conduct: 9 2.0- EXPLANATION OF THE SOURCES OF ETHICS: 10 2.1- RELIGION: 10 Teaching business ethics 12 2.11- Impact Of Religiosity: 13 2.12- Ethics Of Islam: 14 Nature of Islamic Ethics 17 The Human-Environment Relationship: 20 The Sustainable Care of Nature: 22 The Practice of Islamic Environmental Ethics: 22 2.14-Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under termsRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesCosts 6.4 Activity duration estimates (.3) 6.4.2 Estimating tools (.1.3.4) 6.3.1 Identifying resources 7.1 Activity cost estimates (.2.3.4.5) 5.1.2.4 Delphi method Chapter 6 10.5.3 Cost/schedule system (.1) 6.6 .2.1 Time performance 7.2.3.1 Cost baseline development 7.3.2.1 Earned value system (F.4) 7.3.2.4 E.V., performance status report 7.3.2.2 E.V., forecasts 7.3.2.3 EV., to complete index (EAC) 7.3.2.5 Schedule and cost variance Developing a Project Plan 4.2.2 Planning tools 6.2 Sequence

Personal Writing The Lake Essay Example For Students

Personal Writing: The Lake Essay Personal Writing: The LakeIt was the middle of springtime and across from my house where theincident took place. There was a lake there in which my brother and I loved toexplore from time to time. The humidity and waterdrops where reminiscent of afully functional sauna. The onslaught of heat and burning glow of the sun wasrelentless. Nonetheless, this fact did not bother us one bit, but gave us moreincentive to dance with our cool and embracing long-lost love. The first step of this operation was making sure that our neighbors hadgone away from the house for at least two hours. Since it was their lake andproperty, this made it safe for us in not getting caught in the middle of ourescapade. Upon this, my brother and I snuck to their backyard like twoundercover police officers, until we were in the clear. Nerve-wracking minuteslater, flowed the emerald green and ever-so lively lake in front of us. Westopped and starred in awe. The lake had appeared so shiny and reflective, itresembled a finely-cut diamond. The rare and distinct fragrance enticed us. Itsmelled like mother-nature herself, with aromas ranging from wildlife and wetgrass, to evaporated swamp water and healthy dirt. Then, the time for us to find the desired vessel arrived. We chose thekayaks, and set out for the water. Carefully, with our torn-jeans rolled up,and shirts off, we dragged the massive thing over the slope of grass and mudinto the shallow stream. We then hopped aboard, grabbed the paddles, andfloated and splashed into nowhere. The wavy current sucked us downstream,periodically bouncing us off of sandbags and sharp branches leaning over thewater- Now that was true adventure! Minutes later, my brother and I, afterpassing under many pipes and tunnels, floated into a huge cul de sac of water,with an island in the center. In our amazement, we paddled there as vigorouslyas toddlers learning to swim. We tied the kayaks to a thin branch with theslimy green rope mysteriously attached to them, and hopped onto the island. Webasked in pure amazement. After the tempo settled, we started our natural brotherly routine. Mybrother and I sat on the muddy bank, with our feet dipped in water, and threwstones out as far away as we could in our competitive nature. We set aside ourdifferences, and together, bonded. My newfound companion and I sat, laughed,fought, played, and talked, as the sun slowly left us. At this point it did not matter what happened to us for taking the kayaks,because whatever it was, it could not replace the priceless experience weshared with one another. Philosophy

The Giver Personality of Jonas Essay Example For Students

The Giver Personality of Jonas Essay Why would anyone want to live in a perfect world? Many people may think that it would be quite boring, and others maybe find a sense of security knowing that they dont have to face competition for anything, face any difficulties, or even make any choices for themselves. If you were to live in a world without any colours, smells, and no feelings you may think that it was boring, but it is also a very safe environment. You wouldnt suffer any more scratches, bruises, or tears. Also it is a very hard environment to hospitalise love, happiness, anger, jealousy, depression or any of the other natural human characteristics that you feel everyday. Now imagine if you went from grey to colour; the difference would be like a beam of sunlight in the middle of the night. We will write a custom essay on The Giver Personality of Jonas specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now It would be a complete change from your current life. How would you react? Now that you can feel, what would you feel? However one of the more important questions is who would you share it with? These are some of the many problems that face Jonas with his selection as receiver. Jonas is a male adolescent who is nearing the age of twelve. Twelve is the age at which he will be selected by the elders and by the giver as to what his assignment (job) will be within the community. As you could imagine Jonas is very apprehensive about what kind of job he will receive. He has no indications of what type of job he will be receiving for the rest of his life in the community, or until the point that he is released, he has to wait until the ceremony of twelve. However Jonas parents have been through the ceremony of twelve and they assure him that the committee takes the work of assigning jobs very seriously. They tell him that the committee studies each individual very carefully and hardly ever make a wrong choice for the placement. The position of receiver is one of great responsibility. It is the position of greatest honour within the community. The receiver is permitted to see in colour, smell the changes from one thing to the next; however one of the greatest things that the receiver has to deal with is the new emotion that he is able to feel. The way that these feelings are accepted or rejected will affect his path in life and that of the community. Jonas is a very new person in the sense that he has just learned that many things before were not as he perceived them and that there are many ways to express his feelings called emotions. He learns to feel pain, sorrow, love, yearning, and hatred among others; many of these he had not been able to feel before or even had an idea that they existed. This is a big change for Jonas as you could imagine that it would be for anybody. In a time when many youngsters are unsure about the changes in themselves, learning to see the world differently as the progress through their adolescence, as they make their transition from children to adults, the position of receiver is a large stress to the load already upon them. However Jonas appears to be a strong child and has a good sense of the world around him and this makes him a good candidate for the appointment of receiver. Jonas has great respect for his family and he shows this when he takes Gabriel into his room so that his parents could sleep more. .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d , .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d .postImageUrl , .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d , .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d:hover , .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d:visited , .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d:active { border:0!important; } .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d:active , .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u82ffc55bcb4731c3468b167560cc0e1d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aristotle was born in 384 BC and lived until 322 B Essay Jonas takes great pride in trying to keep the child that his parents have temporally adopted to give him more time to mature before being assigned to another family. Jonas was trying to calm the baby one night when he accidentally transferred a soothing memory to the child. The memory calmed the baby and Jonas found that it made the baby calm every night when he would transfer another pleasant memory. This shows Jonas starting to think for himself, which is good for him because it will make him grow as an individual and it will also encourage him .

Free Essays on The Globe Theater

Built in 1599, the Globe Theater was one of the most influential playhouses of the Renaissance. Its large design and noteworthy plays made it one of the most popular and influential forms of entertainment in London. The Globe Theater brought about a revolution in entertainment for the masses that can still be felt today James Burbage pioneered the original concept for the Globe’s theater design. It is believed that bear battling rings of the time inspired the Globe’s design. The arenas high, two story, construction and circular shape are very similar to the Globe. It is also believed that he used the Roman Circus as a distant source for inspiration. The circus’s tall stand allowed for optimum viewing of the arena from all seats. The first Globe-type theater constructed by Burabage was The Theater. Standing over thirty feet tall and three stories high, The Theater was an impressive sight. Built on leased land north of the London Bridge, the London law-enforcement had no jurisdiction in the area. The first step in the construction of The Theater was assembling in heavy timber frame. Interestingly, The Theater was not round, but was made of twenty short sides. The frame was first cut and assembled at a London builders yard. The timbers that composed the frame were then marked at all joints with numerals to show where and how they were to be put back together. The framework was then hauled to The Theater’s construction sight where it was reassembled. After the frame was set, the walls were added to the framework. The wall cavities were first filled with waddle, an inexpensive insulation, and then plastered over. This allowed for a sturdy construction at a minimum cost. The roof of The Theater was mad from thatch. Thatcher, or tillers, laid and secured thatch to cover the gallery balcony. They also thatched and covered the stage that allowed the show to continue, even in rain. The stage of the globe was a very versatile tool.... Free Essays on The Globe Theater Free Essays on The Globe Theater Built in 1599, the Globe Theater was one of the most influential playhouses of the Renaissance. Its large design and noteworthy plays made it one of the most popular and influential forms of entertainment in London. The Globe Theater brought about a revolution in entertainment for the masses that can still be felt today James Burbage pioneered the original concept for the Globe’s theater design. It is believed that bear battling rings of the time inspired the Globe’s design. The arenas high, two story, construction and circular shape are very similar to the Globe. It is also believed that he used the Roman Circus as a distant source for inspiration. The circus’s tall stand allowed for optimum viewing of the arena from all seats. The first Globe-type theater constructed by Burabage was The Theater. Standing over thirty feet tall and three stories high, The Theater was an impressive sight. Built on leased land north of the London Bridge, the London law-enforcement had no jurisdiction in the area. The first step in the construction of The Theater was assembling in heavy timber frame. Interestingly, The Theater was not round, but was made of twenty short sides. The frame was first cut and assembled at a London builders yard. The timbers that composed the frame were then marked at all joints with numerals to show where and how they were to be put back together. The framework was then hauled to The Theater’s construction sight where it was reassembled. After the frame was set, the walls were added to the framework. The wall cavities were first filled with waddle, an inexpensive insulation, and then plastered over. This allowed for a sturdy construction at a minimum cost. The roof of The Theater was mad from thatch. Thatcher, or tillers, laid and secured thatch to cover the gallery balcony. They also thatched and covered the stage that allowed the show to continue, even in rain. The stage of the globe was a very versatile tool....

E.E. cummings essays

E.E. cummings essays E. E. Cummings, who was born in 1894 and died in 1962, wrote many poems with unconventional punctuation and capitalization, and unusual line, word, and even letter placements - namely, ideograms. Cummings' most difficult form of prose is probably the ideogram; it is extremely terse and it combines both visual and auditory elements. There may be sounds or characters on the page that cannot be verbalized or cannot convey the same message if pronounced and not read. Four of Cummings' poems - l(a, mortals), !blac, and swi( - illustrate the ideogram form quite well. Cummings utilizes unique syntax in these poems in order to convey messages visually as well as verbally. Although one may think of l(a as a poem of sadness and loneliness, Cummings probably did not intend that. This poem is about individuality - oneness (Kid 200-1). The theme of oneness can be derived from the numerous inezces and forms of the number '1' throughout the poem. First, 'l(a' contains both the number 1 and the singular indefinite article, 'a'; the second line contains the French singular definite article, 'le'; 'll' on the fifth line represents two ones; 'one' on the 7th line spells the number out; the 8th line, 'l', isolates the number; and 'iness', the last line, can mean "the state of being I" - that is, individuality - or "oneness", deriving the "one" from the lowercase roman numeral 'i' (200). Cummings could have simplified this poem drastically ("a leaf falls:/loneliness"), and still conveyed the same verbal message, but he has altered the normal syntax in order that each line should show a 'one' and highlight the theme of oneness. In fact, the whole poem is shaped like a '1' (200). The shape of the poem can also be seen as the path of a falling leaf; the poem drifts down, flipping and altering pairs of letters like a falling leaf gliding, back and forth, down to the ground...

Is the accessibility of free digital music downloads destroying the Essay

Is the accessibility of free digital music downloads destroying the recording industry - Essay Example The details of how free internet downloads affect the music industry will be examined in the subsequent part of the essay.2 Recording artists put a lot of time and effort to come up with products that gain appreciation from various audiences. It will only be considered fair if these same recording artists got a reward for their efforts. By downloading their music for free from the internet, recording artists are denied the chance of benefiting from their sweat.3 For recording artists who may not be well known or those trying to make a name for themselves in the industry, it becomes very difficult to offset all the payments and expenses that come with production of an album or even a song. They have to pay royalties to a host of parties involved in the process of recording songs, going on tour, purchase of equipment, hiring lawyers or paying up record Companies or any agents that were involved on the production process. Therefore all their investments end up going to other sources. It is a fact that most of the revenue generated in the recording industry is attributed to CD sales or album sales. The internet has caused a sharp reduction in these sales consequently making the artists who make a living from it suffer greatly.4 Free downloads also severely affect upcoming artists. This is because young artists are considered as a sort of investment.

Relationships in trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Relationships in trade - Essay Example Since there is no direct governmental intervention, it would permit trading partners attain mutual gains from exchanging goods and services. As it has been defined by International Fair Trade Association (IFAT), â€Å"fair trade is a trading partnership based on dialogue, transparency and respect that seeks greater equity in international trade. It contributes to sustainable development by offering better trading conditions to and securing the rights of, marginalized producers and workers, especially in the south†. (www.wfto.com). Fair trade is of protectionist view which maintains a ‘people first’ policy and is backed by consumers through various non-profit organizations. Fair trade looks forward to achieve better justice in international trade by initiating reasonable changes in the current trade regulations. Its trading practices are entirely different from that of the conventional mode of trade. For instance, fair trade system works on the voluntary participation of producers, consumers, and companies based on a set of mutually accepted standards (Fair Trade Catholic Relief Services). On the other hand, the most important focus of the free trade is profit which usually goes to corporate giants. Hence, in order to create competitive advantages free trade firms seek alternatives for reducing the operation costs by moving from one region to other cost-effective locations. Unlike free trade, fair trade organizations maintain maximum direct relationship with the producers perhaps by giving them free or low interest credit (ibid). The common goods exchanged through fair trade include coffee, chocolate, clothing, and jewelry. Both fair trade and free trade have their own advantages and disadvantages. One of the major benefits of the fair trade is that it promotes eco-friendly farming practices and helps farmers and artisans gain opportunities for building their own business skills. Obviously the notable benefit of the free trade is that it allows us both

Business blue print document Essay Example for Free

Business blue print document Essay Recurring payments/deductions infotype (0014) in which you capture the details of periodic/regular earnings or deductions. For Mastek, Indian payroll, they will be Medical Reimbursement, Reimbursement of Books, Leave Without Pay, Guesthouse Deduction, Personal Courier and Personal STD/ISD Phone Call.   Additional payments infotype (0015) in which you capture the details of annual or irregular earnings or deductions. For Mastek, Indian payroll, they will be LTA and Performance Pay.   Contract elements infotype (0016) Monitoring dates infotype (0019)   Family details infotype (0021). Membership fees infotype (0057), which you can also set up to make payments to third-parties in particular cases Cost distribution infotype (0027), which you can also set up to assign the internal order number if the cost of the employee is to go to the internal order number. You can also assign the percentage so that only that percentage of cost goes to the internal order. If this infotype is not maintained or the percentage assigned to the internal order in this infotype is not 100 percent, then the system picks the cost center assignment from infotype 0001 to attach the cost. Personnel IDs infotype (0185) These infotypes have been modified to handle Indian requirements. India-specific infotypes containing payment information: These infotypes have been created for India payroll only:   Previous employment tax details infotype (0580)   Housing (HRA/CLA/COA) infotype (0581)   Exemptions infotype (0582)   Car Conveyance infotype (0583)   Income from other sources infotype (0584)   Section 80 deductions infotype (0585)   Investment details (Section 88) infotype (0586)   Provident fund contribution infotype (0587). Other statutory deductions infotype (0588)   Long term reimbursements infotype (0590) * Nominations infotype (0591) 1. 7 POSTING TO ACCOUNTING Purpose Reporting for posting payroll results to Accounting, otherwise known as posting to Accounting, is a subsequent activity that is carried out after a successful payroll run. It usually takes place for each payroll period. During posting to Accounting, all posting data for the payroll results is selected, summarized, formatted, and then posted to the integrated components in Accounting. You can also archive the data created in posting to Accounting. Integration Different R/3 components are involved in posting to Accounting, and these components have different data requirements:   Payroll (PY)   Financial Accounting (FI)   General Ledger Accounting (FI-GL)   Accounts Payable (FI-AP)   Accounts Receivable (FI-AR)   Special Ledger (FI-SL)   Controlling (CO) INTEGRATION OF THE COMPONENTS IN POSTING TO ACCOUNTING Payroll (HR) The principal organizational concept in Payroll is the wage type. A wage type classifies personnel expenses according to tax, insurance, labour legislation, pay scales and other operational characteristics. In Payroll, wage types are also used for saving additional information in the payroll results, for example, in the form of cumulation wage types (total gross amount or gross tax amount), or in the form of wage types for other important amounts (statutory net pay or transfer amount). The organizational assignments valid for all periods are also created within Payroll as well as special cost assignments, and the wage types are assigned to this information. During payroll, additional wage types are created to provide data for cost accounting and these are saved in the payroll results, for example, the portion of the wage that is not applicable on public holidays. Financial Accounting (FI) Financial Accounting is responsible for the flow of payments. The payment flows are posted to particular accounts depending on the type or identity of the receiver, and on the due date of the payment. Cost Accounting (CO) Cost Accounting splits the costs according to the type (cost type = G/L account) and assigns them to cost centers or to other cost assignment objects (additional account assignment). Posting to accounting allows you to post costs to the following account assignment objects:   Position in customer order Implementation Considerations To ensure that the process of posting to accounting is completed successfully and without problems, please make the following settings: Customize the components involved (wage types, accounts, other account assignment objects)   Customize Reporting for posting to Accounting. The individual components involved in posting to Accounting can be organized as follows:   All components are in the same clients of the R/3 System.   The accounting components are in a different system to the Payroll application component. This could be a different R/3 System, an R/2 System, or a third-party system. If the individual components are distributed in various systems, see setting up Posting to accounting.   Reporting for posting payroll results to Accounting   Posting documents In Customizing for Cross-Application Components under Scenarios Posting payroll results to Accounting. Features Posting to Accounting allows you to perform the following functions:   Post retroactive accounting runs Pension Fund report for exempted Trusts (Though this is not applicable for Mastek, this is for the information only): 1. Form 4 Return of members leaving service 2. Form 5E Return of the members leaving service during the month 3. Form 6 Statement of contributions for the month ESI Reports 1. Form 6 2. Form 7 These reports are generated every half-year, in the months of October and April for the preceding contribution period. Professional Tax (PTax) Reports Payroll-India caters to the PTax Reports for the following states: 1. Andhra Pradesh (Monthly) Not applicable for Mastek 2. Gujarat (Monthly) Not applicable for Mastek 3. Karnataka (Monthly) Applicable for Mastek 4. Maharashtra (Monthly) Applicable for Mastek 5. West Bengal (Monthly) Applicable for Mastek 6. Tamil Nadu (Half-Yearly) Applicable for Mastek 7. Madhya Pradesh (Annual) Not applicable for Mastek These reports are to be generated at the relevant frequency for those states where PTax is applicable. The selection screen captures the following information: 1. The PTax report can be generated for a PTax grouping created for the Personnel Subarea. 2. The report is printed in the relevant format for each state as applicable and for those employees for whom the PTax and return is applicable. Labour Welfare Fund Reports Payroll-India caters to Labour Welfare Fund reports for the following states: 1. Gujarat (Half-Yearly) Not applicable for Mastek 2. Using the standard SAP ADP link the gross payroll results shall be uploaded to ADP for the final processing. The SAP US Payroll allows MSI to process payroll for employees in the United States, using data from SAP Personnel Administration and Benefits under a wide variety of configurations. The SAP Payroll system also offers a number of standard payroll reports. The Tax Reporter component will allow MSI to generate all required state and federal tax forms, such as SUI reports and W-2s. Further reports can be generated using Ad Hoc Query in conjunction with an SAP Payroll Infotype. However bulk of MSI requirements for legal reporting etc shall be met by ADP as the net payroll processing will be in their domain. Integration The Payroll component is integrated with other SAP HR components, such as Personnel Administration and Benefits. There are also interfaces to other SAP modules such as Financial Accounting and Controlling. 2. 1 COMPENSATION FOR USA PAY SCALE TYPE During the discussions it was realized that across Mastek Group, the compensation paid to the employees is divided into the following classifications: 1. Technical Professional 2. Technical Semi-professional 3. Non-Technical Professional 4. Non-technical Semi-professional 5. Others Professional 6. Others Non-professional The same will be configured as the Pay Scale Types in the SAP R/3 system. PAY SCALE AREA The Pay Scale Area will remain same as we have defined our Personnel Areas. Therefore the following will be the Pay Scale Areas in the SAP R/3 system: 1. Santa Clara 2. Dallas PAYROLL AREA PAYROLL PERIOD In MSI, a semi monthly payroll period shall be used for running the payroll. Hence the payroll area defined in the SAP R/3 system for MSI is: 02 Semi Monthly USA PAY SCALE GROUP The Pay Scale Group will be in terms of grades in the organization. The list of Pay Scale Group that is to be customized as under: 1. T2 2. T3 3. G2 4. G3 5. G4 6. G6 7. G8 8. G10 9. G12 10. G14 11. G16 12. G18 13. G20 14. Project Trainee 15. Temporary PAY SCALE LEVEL There is no sub-classification of Pay Scale Groups, which can be mapped to the Pay Scale Level. At Mastek the salaries are defined in terms of Total Annual Gross (TAG) and then the money is divided into the various wage types of the employee. For the purpose of customization, one Pay Scale Level will be defined For the US compensation, Dallas has been taken as base location. The location is also considered for the US compensation package. To start the compensation review, first Mastek has to map the US Grades with the Indian Grades. The US Grades are as follows: D2 D1 C2 C1 B2 B1 A2 A1 How they are mapped: Indian Grade US Grade G4 D2 G6 D1 G8 C2 G10 C1, B2 G12 B1 G14 A2 G16 A1 The salary survey is done by an external agency and the salaries are fixed based on that. There are four major heads under which the salary is fixed for the review: 1. Base Salary 2. Location Allowance 3. Skills 4. Performance Pay NOTE: MASTEK has decided that Indian grades shall be applicable globally and the US grades shall be mapped to equivalent Indian grades. However MASTEK is yet to provide the mapped list of grades for the same. The Reviewed salary is paid as Base salary and the relevant amounts are paid under the other heads. Thus the salaries are finalized for each and every employee in USA. It is to be noted that the salary survey report is Grade based in USA. As Dallas is taken as Base location, the amount for Location Allowance is fixed on the basis of the location the employee is scheduled to work in. For finalizing the location allowance the following factors are taken into account: 1. Accommodation Cost, 2. Transportation Cost, 3. Tax Rate, and 4. Food Cost. All this is relevant to the Indian employees who visit USA from India. There is no information available as to how the compensation review takes place for the US nationals in USA. 2. 2 USA SPECIFIC BENEFITS ADMINISTRATION COBRA COBRA stands for the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985. It requires the vast majority of employers to offer continuation of coverage to covered employee and their dependents who, due to certain COBRA qualifying events, lose group health plan coverage. Infotype 0211 COBRA Qualified Beneficiary Infotype 0212 COBRA Health Plan Infotype 0270 COBRA Payments MSI pays 100% for its employees health insurance premiums. Employees dependents are eligible to participate in the same health insurance, however its the employees responsibility to pay the premium costs. Anthem Health provides both Medical and Dental insurance for MSI employees and their dependents. LIFE INSURANCE MSI provides life death and dismemberment insurance coverage for all of its employees through UNUM Life Insurance Company effective from the date of joining MSI. The beneficiary will receive two times the employees annual base salary. 401 K PLAN All employees are eligible for this plan MSI does not make any contributions to this plan Employee can contribute up to 25% to a maximum of USD 10,000 per calendar year. CAFETARIA PLAN Also known as Section 125 Plan. Employees can pay for medical and dependent care expenses with Pre Tax Dollars to avail of tax benefit under this plan. Employees may choose to have designated amount of their income directed towards this plan. This is solely and employee contributed benefit. 2. 3 STANDARD SAP US PAYROLL FEATURES SAP Payroll allows MSI to run payroll for employees in all states. Requisite statutory reports, such as Federal forms 940, W-2, W-3, and all state SUI forms are also supported by the SAP system. Payroll does not just involve the calculation of remuneration, but consists of a variety of processes that are becoming increasingly important due to the employers increased obligation to supply benefits and medical welfare. You can also control the financial system of third-party providers. The System calculates the gross and net pay, which comprises the individual payments and deductions that are calculated during a payroll period, and are received by an employee. These payments and deductions are included in the calculation of the remuneration using different wage types. However, since MSI has out sourced its net payroll processing to a third party called ADP. Hence only the gross payroll shall be run and an interface shall be provided to send data to ADP for net payroll processing and deduction of Taxes etc. After the remuneration payroll you can carry out various subsequent activities, for example, you can see to remuneration payment or the creation of various lists, and make evaluations. The Gross Payroll component processes employee master data from SAP Personnel Administration and generates wage types and amounts to be used by the Net Payroll component, or to be exported to a third-party product for net calculation. Pre-tax deductions and earnings are processed within the Gross Payroll component. Integration. The Gross Payroll component is closely integrated with the SAP Personnel Administration and SAP Benefits components Payroll in Dialog Mode Purpose The payroll program is run at a specific point in time, not only to calculate an employees basic remuneration but also any special payments, overtime payments or bonuses that must be effected for the period in question. You can follow the procedure of payroll directly in dialog mode. Payroll in dialog mode is particularly suited to simulate a payroll run for an individual payroll area or individual personnel numbers. Payroll in a Background Operation Use When you have checked all the settings for the payroll run, and have tested the run in a simulation run, you can perform the payroll run in a background job. Off-Cycle Activities Purpose As an addition to regular payroll, which carries out payroll at fixed regular intervals, this function enables you to carry out specific off-cycle payroll activities for individual employees on any day. You can issue a check to replace payments that were originally made to an employee by check or by transfer but which the employee did not receive, or if the check is in an unusable condition (for example, torn). You can reverse payroll results that were created by a regular or off-cycle payroll run. You can enter a check number into the system retrospectively for a payroll result for which you have already issued a check manually. 2. 4 MSI US PAYROLL GROSS PROCESSING Purpose The Gross Payroll component processes employee master data from SAP Personnel Administration and generates wage types and amounts to be used by the Net Payroll component, or to be exported to a third-party product for net calculation. Pre-tax deductions and earnings are processed within the Gross Payroll component. Integration The Gross Payroll component is closely integrated with the SAP Personnel Administration and SAP Benefits components Payments The individual payments form the basis for the calculation of an employees gross remuneration, which is the core part of payroll. Gross remuneration is the starting point for the calculation of social insurance and tax payments, and also for the calculation of net remuneration. Structure In the R/3 System, payments are split into the following categories according to their characteristics: Basic pay. Basic pay consists of the fixed wage and salary elements that are paid in every payroll period. You enter them in the form of wage types in the basic pay (0008) infotype. Recurring payments and deductions Recurring payments and deductions are paid or retained with fixed frequency. The system determined the payments using factors such as overtime, leave or substitutions. The wage types that illustrate these factors are entered in the recurring payments and deductions (0014) infotype. In the processing stage the system uses the Customizing settings representing the collective agreement.   Additional Payments. Additional payments are remuneration elements that are not usually paid in each payroll period, and that are not paid at regular intervals. You enter them in the Additional Payments (0015) infotype. Benefits Integration to Payroll Purpose Users of the R/3 Benefits component can use Benefits Integration to streamline the payroll calculation process for their employees. The Benefits Integration component allows benefits-related deductions and contributions entered in master data to be processed during net payroll processing. Integration This component integrates the Payroll component with the Benefits component. Deduction and contribution amounts can be remitted to benefits providers using functionality from the Third Party Remittance component. 2. 5 THE PAYROLL PROCESS 2. 6 US PAYROLL REPORTING Introduction The R/3 HR Payroll System provides all regulatory and tax reports required by U. S. federal and state law, such as SUI reports for state unemployment agencies, W-2 reports for the federal and state governments, and the Multiple Worksite Report for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Additional payroll reports are available for other business purposes, such as the New Hire Report. These reports allow efficient evaluation of payroll data and ensure compliance with government regulations. Integration Payroll reports access information from all HR Infotypes and evaluate data from HR Time Management and HR Organizational Management as well as HR Personnel Administration. Features R/3 Payroll offers numerous internal and regulatory reports, including: New Hire Reporting Tax Reporter for federal and state reports Law requires companies to report the results of their payroll calculation to several tax authorities, including the federal government and many state and local governments. This component enables you to produce regulatory reports for government authorities in the format required by each authority. Reports that Tax Reporter supports include Form 940 Employers Annual Federal Unemployment Tax Return, Form 941 Employers Quarterly Federal Tax Return, Form W-2 Wage and Tax Statement, the 1099-R form and the Multiple Worksite Report. NOTE:-In case of MASTEK the above reports may be provided by ADP since ADP shall be responsible for running net payroll and doing all calculations and deductions for the same.

Grapes of Wrath Essay: Steinbecks Political Beliefs -- Grapes Wrath e

The Grapes of Wrath and Steinbeck's Political Beliefs      Ã‚   Steinbeck's relationship to the transcendentalists [Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman] was pointed out soon after The Grapes of Wrath appeared by Frederick I. Carpenter, and as the thirties fade into history, Jim Casy with his idea of the holiness of all men and the unreality of sin seems less a product of his own narrowly doctrinaire age than a latter-day wanderer from the green village of Concord to the dry plains of the West.    Although Steinbeck argues for collective action to achieve specific goals, only the most unperceptive critics continue to argue that he is a collectivist in either philosophy or politics. Throughout his work he decries the mindless indoctrination of the totalitarians and maintains that only through reflection upon his bitter experience can learn the value of acting in concert with others for the relief of emergency conditions -- like the flood at the end of The Grapes of Wrath -- so that the individual may subsequently be free to realize his own potentialities. Nothing better illustrates Steinbeck's concept of social organization than the pictures in Chapter Seventeen of The Grapes of Wrath of the world that is created each night a people come together, and disappears the next morning when they separate.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In reference to the government camps in The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck never suggests that these camps should offer more than temporary relief during emergencies; he never suggests that the government should provide work for the people. We must recall, too, the camp manager's comment that the people in the camp had taken his job away from him by assuming responsibilities for self-government. Steinbeck's approval ... ... the question: How can any form of government avoid playing a continual role in the shaping of people's lives, whether directly or indirectly?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Simply to prove that Steinbeck was not a socialist, a rather easy task these days thanks to the work of Steinbeck scholars in the 60s and 70s, does not mean that he was a conservative bastion of American individualism and an opponent of "big government." Such a portrait of Steinbeck is as inaccurate as the socialist portrait French and Lisca exposed.       Works Consulted French, Warren. A Companion to The Grapes of Wrath. New York: The Viking Press, 1963. Hawgood, John A. America's Western Frontiers. New York: Alfred P. Knopf, 1967. Jones, Evan. The Plains States. New York: Time Life Books, 1968. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: The Sun Dial Press, 1939.      

Does the Bangladeshi Worker Community Experience Ill Health more than their White British Counterparts?

1.Abstract For a person to enjoy a good quality of life, remaining strong and healthy is essential. However the ability to retain good health is often affected by a range of diverse factors including ethnicity, living standards, age, occupation and access to medical facilities. The purpose of this research is to investigate whether of people of working age within the Bangladeshi Community are more prone to illness that their counterparts within the White British population. 2.Aims of the Study Research Question: Does the Bangladeshi worker community experience ill health more than their White British counterparts? In order to explore the question of whether Bangladeshi people of working age are more prone to illness when compared to their White British counterparts, I have chosen to address and collect information on the following: The attitudes that Bangladeshi and White British workers have towards ill health The knowledge and awareness that Bangladeshi workers have towards accessing NHS services The ways in which Bangladeshi workers can become more aware of the means of reducing ill health How Bangladeshi workers can be encouraged to make lifestyle changes in order to nurture their health Literature Review The Literature review I conducted has revealed evidence which suggest that Bangladeshi workers are more prone to illness than their White British counterparts. For instance- research conducted by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 2007, revealed a significant difference between levels of long- term illness within the White British and Bangladeshi working age communities (Salway et al, 2007). According to the research, 16% of the White British sample suffered from long term illness, compared to 64% of the Bangladeshi sample. There was also a marked difference in the age of onset, with the White British workers within the sample experiencing illness between the ages of 50 and 59, whereas the Bangladeshi sample experienced onset between 34 and 39. The relationship between health and ethnicity has been an area of much debate and exploration amongst academics over the years, and has often been linked to the concept of, â€Å"social exclusion†, an aspect of which relates to the difficulties that some ethnic minorities have in accessing adequate housing, employment, opportunities and public services. ( Purdy and Banks, 2001). Concerns regarding the inequalities that ethnic minorities encounter when accessing welfare service systems created vital legislation in the early 1980s in the form of the â€Å"Black Report†, and addresses inequalities that continue to exist today, â€Å"The Black Report placed emphasis on material explanations for class inequalities in health, which given the class locations of ethnic minority people might also be relevant to ethnic inequalities in health.† ( Nazroo in Bury and Gabe, 2002:145). More recently, research conducted as part of the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities in 1993 suggested that some Asian groups such as Bangladeshis and Pakistanis are more at risk of experiencing acute heart disease than other ethnicities, an assertion that has been controversial amongst academics, â€Å" While this approach was useful in uncovering the extent to which convenient assumptions of similarity within obviously heterogeneous groups were false, it could be suggested that these findings mean we can use the term, â€Å" Pakistani and Bangladeshi† heart disease, rather than, â€Å" South Asian† heart disease to describe the situation† ( Nazroo in Bury and Gabe, 2004: 147). These insights and others very much informed my opinion as I embarked on this research project. 4.Sample Social Classification, Age, Sample Size, Location and Research Timings: In order to explore a wide range of attitudes towards health, I recruited respondents using a random sampling approach, in order to ensure that a range of attitudes and perspectives were explored. As a result, the sample comprised a wide range of occupation and educational backgrounds and abilities, reflecting all of the categories of present social and market research social classification ( Robson, 2002 ) This form of classification consists of the following: GRADESOCAL CLASSOCCUPATION AUpper Middle ClassSenior Management or Professional BMiddle ClassAssociate Management or Professional C1Lower Middle ClassClerical, admin and support staff C2Skilled Working ClassSkilled manual workers with a formal training or qualifications DUn skilled Working ClassUn skilled manual workers without formal qualifications or training EPeople who exist on low incomes and benefitsCan be anything from casual workers to pensioners In order to construct a sample which reflected the categories in the above table, I recruited respondents at locations regularly frequented by people of all backgrounds, including the Croydon Whitgift Shopping Centre, Croydon High Street and the Croydon Bangladeshi Welfare Association. I recruited 40 respondents in total- which included working people within the Bangladeshi and White British populations, between the ages of 25 and 60. Both male and female respondents are included and research commenced at the beginning of March and concluded at the beginning of May. 5.Research ConsiderationsEthics and Data ProtectionBefore conducting the research, I gained the approval and permission of both the London Borough of Croydon and the University’s Ethical Review Committee. Prior to questioning the respondents, I explained to them the purpose of the research, how their opinions would inform the findings, and how the findings would be used. I also assured them that their views would remain completely confidential, and that they had the opportunity to opt out of the project at any time they wished to. The questions were also carefully constructed in a manner that would not cause distress or offence, and I made a concerted effort to make them feel comfortable and valued (Bryman, 2012).Limitations and Researcher BiasAs with all research projects, this investigation had certain imperfections and limitations in its design and execution. Above all, the study would most likely have been very different if it had been conducted within a, â€Å"real world research† context without the researcher having to juggle the research work with other priorities such as course work. Also, as the data was collected in one area, it may be regionally biased. However, it should be pointed out that the majority of people within communities experience many similar conditions and socialising factors, which can make, â€Å"snap- shot† studies representative of the larger population valid, and on the whole and much social, commercial and market research is carried out in this manner. Another factor than can affect the reliability of data is the possibility of respondents expressing what they feel researchers want them to hear- therefore modifying or embellishing responses. Whilst this remains an issue in all research projects, it should be pointed out that the rapid answering that quantitative closed questionnaires tends to produce, will most likely make respondents answer bluntly and accurately- without the after-thoughts that inform m uch qualitative work (Robson, 2002). 6.MethodologyData Collection MethodsThe project used a variety of methodologies including an initial pilot study, primary and secondary methods. Secondary and desk research, including the Literature Review was undertaken in order to create a detailed knowledge of the subject which was to be explored in the research, as well as key hypotheses to be addressed. Additionally, a pilot study was conducted prior to undertaking the fieldwork in order to test the relevance and clarity of the questions and subjects posed to respondents, as a means of making the fieldwork as effective and seamless as possible. During the primary, fieldwork stage of research, I chose to use a mostly quantitative questionnaire with close ended questions, in order to specifically focus on the topics that needed to be explored to satisfy the research objectives. This created a situation in which respondent’s answers were consistently relevant. However in order to ensure that the respondents had the opportunity to express additional issues relating to the topics, I also included several open ended questions- inspired by a more qualitative approach. Data Analysis Methods Once the fieldwork had been completed I chose to use the Statistical Package for Social Sciences or SPSS as a means of analysing the data I had collected. This approach provides several benefits, including the ability to record and log data quickly and to organize it across a range of analytical formats including statistical and multivariative approaches. For presentation purposes, the results were ordered into graphs, charts and tables ( Blaxter, et al, 2011) which aimed to reduce misunderstandings and comprehension issues. 7.Dissemination of Findings and Results The research findings were presented using a short reform format and have been made available to the University for future reference. During the life of the project, I also kept the sponsor up-to-date with the findings as they developed, both in the shape of preliminary insights and the conclusive more detailed final report. I have also passed the findings onto the respondents via email, and have thanked them enormously for their crucial participation in the project.Key Findings:Crucially, the research revealed that minority ethnic respondents experienced aspects of social exclusion, both in terms of accessing mainstream health services and society in general. This is mainly attributed to the lack of English language skills that some of the sample had, as well as cultural issues which result in the secrecy and concealment of health issues, problems and ailments. Within the Bangladeshi sample there was also a tendency for health issues to be internalised within the social and family n etworks of the community itself- which also resulted in a resistance to seeking mainstream NHS support and services. Conclusions The Bangldeshi worker community have a tendency to experience the onset of serious illnesses earlier than their White British counterparts, through a range of behavioural and cultural factors that prevent them from accessing NHS service in a systematic manner that would improve their health. Considerations for Future Research The aim of the research was to provide information and insights relating to why Bangladeshis are prone to ill health, and how public awareness can be raised in order to address their problems. However, during the fieldwork and analysis stage, I was very surprised to the extent that people within the Bangladeshi community conceal their ill health and delay accessing help as a result of strong societal and cultural pressures. Therefore, I have emphasised the need for additional research in the final report, in order to obtain more information on this subject, as a means of devising solutions that can help eradicate such problems. Based on the research that has been conducted so far, I am confident that my data collection and data analysis approaches offer effective means of generating crucial findings- but would also recommend using different methodologies for future research such as qualitative focus groups and face to face interviews. This approach will enable the researcher to get a greater understanding of key issues, and can involve the use of enabling and projective techniques that can enable respondents to express themselves in a clearer manner. ( Robson, 2002). Focus groups and face to face interviews can also provide vital insights on behaviour and practice which is not always possible when using a quantitative approach. (Bryman, 2012). This is often expressed through the recall of certain situations and experiences- which can also serve to create a greater understanding of the contexts of certain situation- for instance, the specific ways in which Bangladeshi people interact with NHS services. 9.Details of Funding The research was budgeted at ?500 and was funded by Research Councils UK ( RCUK). The organisation regularly commissions research within a range of academic disciplines including medical, biological, social, economic and environmental sciences, in order to investigate ways of increasing wellbeing within society. The research I conducted was funded with the intention of finding ways to address the impact of poor health within the Bangladeshi working age community. Bibliography Back, L. Solomos, ( 1995) Race, Politics and Social Change. London: Routledge. Blaxter, L. Hughes, C. Tight, M. (2011) How to Research, 4th ed. Cambridge: Open University Press. Bury, M. (1997) Health and Illness in a Changing Society. London: Routledge. Bury, B. Gabe, J. ( 2004) The Sociology of Health and Illness. London: Routledge. Bryman, A. ( 2012) Social Research Methods. London: Palgrave. Israel, M. and May, I. (2006) Research Ethics for Social Scientists. London: Sage. Purdy, M. Banks D ( 2001) The Sociology of Politics and Health. London: Routledge. Robson, R. ( 2002) Real World Research. London: Blackwell. Salway, S. Platt, L. Chowbey, P. Harriss, K. Bayliss, E. (2007) Long- Term Ill Health, Poverty and Ethnicity. London: Policy Press Zikmund, G. William (2003) Business Research Methods. London: South Western. http://www.jrf.org.uk/publications/long-term-ill-health-poverty-and-ethnicity (Accessed 11th March 2013)

Is war ever justified

Wars can be justified through the utilitarian theory and cost benefit analysis. These are dependent on whether the intention of the war is right and the cause for the war is just. Further, wars are only justified when other forms of conflict management have been tried and have failed. There are many types of war, however this essay will focus on military war in particular. Utility Theory and Just War The theory of utility is one way to justify war. The utilitarian approach is defined as the pursuit of the greatest good of society for the greatest number f people in society. There are two branches of utility theory – act and rule.Act utilitarianism looks closely at the Consequences of the act Of war in order to justify engaging in war. Rule utilitarianism will only condone war when the reason for entering a war is just in itself, is based on good intentions and not for selfish reasons. In essence, act utilitarianism can be summarized as the ends justifying the means, while rule utilitarianism can be summarized as genuine intentions justifying the means. For instance, the Allied Forces declaring war on Germany's invasion of their gibbous as well as on their anti-Semitic activities is an example of utilitarianism in action.The declaration of war was to prevent further harm to the world even if it did mean a significant loss to the Allied Forces by engaging in such actions. The end of the German terror as well as the protection Of the persecuted justified the means through which this was achieved. The distinction between act and rule utilitarianism while easily distinguishable in theory, is much harder to apply in real life. The example given above can be categorized under both types of utility theory. The protection of a large persecuted number of people justified entering into war against the anti- Semitic administration in Germany.Viewing it in this manner allows rule utilitarianism to come into play. At the same time, looking at the consequences of war - ? which would be the saving of not only Jews, but also the prevention of invasion of other countries in Europe allows act utilitarianism to justify the Allied Forces declaration on war on Nazi Germany. Utility theory does run the risk of being manipulated and abused and has been used by terrorists and Islamic fundamentalists to justify the use of rower and force for â€Å"jihad† or what they call, â€Å"holy war†.However, it must be noted that utility theory condones war only if it causes the greatest good for the greatest number of society. Even if â€Å"jihad† is considered to be the greatest good, it is only from the perspective of a select few people with biased opinions. Hence, a terrorist's justification of war via utility theory cannot be said to be a true justification at all. Be it act or rule utilitarianism, so long as the ends result in the greatest good for the largest number of people in society and are made with the best intentions in mind, war is justified.Cost-benefit Analysis and Just War The benefits should outweigh the costs in order to justify engaging in war. Cost-benefit analysis is a way of weighing the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives. It helps us determine whether an approach was worth the adoption and practice in terms of benefits in labor, time, Cost savings and so on. It is largely considered an economic analysis and is an approach that can be taken when determining whether a war is justified because of the high socio-economic costs involved in war.A good way to go about analyzing this would be to look at a case study of the Iraq war. The Gulf war resulted in 220,000 Iraqi casualties and a few hundred thousand wounded Iraqis. The costs of war amounted to 6 trillion US dollars. These numbers are neither small nor insignificant. The benefits, however, are the exact opposite. As far as tangible benefits go, the Iraqi economy saw a slight growth in its GAP since the end of the war. Part of this, is a windfal l due to high oil prices but if the war had not taken place, oil sanctions imposed on Iraq would have severely curtailed Iraqi oil sale.This would have further crushed the already dying economy pre-war. Of course, since Cost-Benefit analysis is primarily economic in nature, on paper, the growth in Iraq's GAP is touted by pro-war candidates as being worth the effort. However it would be ridiculous to imagine that Iraq's economy would have grown enough to cover the costs of war even, much less to actually grow enough to recover and sustain the country post-war. Further, as cost-benefit analysis also should include some elements of intangibility, one must take note Of the accessory costs that came along with the war.Besides the devastation and disease that struck Iraq, neighbors Iran also saw acceleration in its nuclear programmed because it saw that as the only way to prevent an imminent US invasion. This is not good for the global economy because it makes the Middle East a very dange rous place. Further, there is a high continuing rate of violence in Iraq because society sees it as the only form of protection for them. Of course, regime change and the demise of Sadism Hussein must be considered in the benefit analysis but despite that, Iraq is still in shambles -? both economically as well as socially.Overall, a cost-benefit analysis allows us another opportunity to evaluate a war and to decide if it can be justified. In the example of Iraq, we can see how it can be used to prove that it cannot be justified. Counter argument However, despite these two analytical methods of justifying war, they come with a caveat. The caveat being that they are only used to justify war when negotiations have failed between parties; all peaceful methods have been already exhausted and war is the final and only option available to them. Unfortunately, this is not always the case.Many a time, countries prepare for war while negotiations are ongoing. Worse still, they may not even en gage in any peaceful forms of collaboration or settlement at all. The notions of war always remain at the back of countries' minds. The Cold War may seem like a successful instance where there were no missiles or bombs unloaded on either the USSR or the US. However, there was a war nonetheless and a war which lasted 30 years. Despite supposed ‘peaceful' negotiations between the two superpowers, the thought of missile warfare was always at the back of their minds.It would not be far-fetched to imagine that this severely impacted the success Of their discussions. One cannot fully and calmly negotiate with a finger on the trigger. It was merely a combination of luck, timing and the right set of leaders that prevented the outbreak of a disastrous third world war. Conclusion War can be justified through two methods – utility theory and cost-benefit analysis. These allow an intangible and tangible account of the ways in which a war can be explained as being necessary.

Cons for Debate for Arizona Immigration Laws Essay Example

Cons for Debate for Arizona Immigration Laws Essay Example Cons for Debate for Arizona Immigration Laws Paper Cons for Debate for Arizona Immigration Laws Paper Debate Speech: 4 Minute: Cons By adopting the same anti-immigration laws as Arizona, Florida would be violating the very values of the constitution. My first point is the violation of civil rights. In order to clarify today’s debate, we offer the following definition: Civil rights are a class of rights and freedoms that protect individuals from unwarranted action by government and private organizations and individuals and ensure one’s ability to participate in the civil and political life of the state without discrimination and repression. Its  Due Process  Clause prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons (individual and  corporate) of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken. This clause has been used to make most of the  Bill of Rights  applicable to the states, as well as to recognize  substantive  rights and  procedural  rights. Its  Equal Protection Clause  requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its  jurisdiction. This clause later became the basis for  Brown v. Board of Education  (1954), the Supreme Court decision which precipitated the dismantling of  racial segregation in the United States. Supreme courts of both the U. S. and Arizona admitted that race may be directly involved in the enforcement of the law. Secondly, the enforcement of the anti-immigration laws does not value a frugal efficient government. The Arizona SB 1070 law (Anti-Immigration Law) is costing Arizona millions. A new report by t he Center for American Progress says the current boycott has cost Arizona 141 million from canceled conventions. Many cities are SUPPORTING these boycotts, and their support is encouraging the uproars. Boycotting is being supported by Los Angeles – â€Å"The Los Angeles City Council overwhelmingly approved a boycott of Arizona-based businesses and governments Wednesday unless the state repeals a new law giving police the power to question a detainees immigration status. †The government of San Francisco, the  Los Angeles City Council, and city officials in  Oakland,  Minneapolis,  Saint Paul,  Denver, and  Seattle  all took specific action, usually by banning some of their employees from work-related travel to Arizona or by limiting city business done with ompanies headquartered in Arizona – LA Times, New York Times, Washington Post, New York City Times all agree. According to the New York Times, current and projected losses from conference cancellations as a result of SB1070 include $776 million in lost economic output. $434 million in lost spending by convention attendees. $265. 5 million in lost earnings. $28. 8 million in lost tax revenue. 8,47 2 jobs lost. The predicted losses Florida would suffer greatly decrease the economic gain that is desired. While passing the law may possibly open up more jobs for Americans, which was the original intent, the economic losses outweigh the pros. Arizona has adopted the law because they are close to the border of Mexico, thus more prone to illegal aliens. Florida’s borders are on the water, so border control would be enough to keep illegal aliens out. The percentage of illegal immigrants in Arizona is much higher than that of Florida, so adopting the law would have more negative aspects than positive ones, and there are other options available that would be much more beneficial. Thus, the adoption of this law would be wasting millions of dollars that Florida could be using in other areas of improvement. By adopting the Arizona laws, we are also directly defying the goals and means of the constitution. The United States Department of Justice filed a law suit against Arizona in District Court on July 6, 2010. CNN backs up the view that the new law by saying it â€Å"Goes against the framework of the constitution. The local immigration policies go against the set up of policies in individual states. It’s a decision for the country to make as a whole. † According to the Associated Press, over 70 U. S. cities have protested against this law. Culture ties into the problem as well. Many states have adopted the Mexican Culture, so they are more unwilling to break the ties that have formed. Similar bills have been introduced to states where hispanic communities are prevalent, including Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Michigan, Minnesota, and South Carolina. a. California went through the breaking of similar ties with Mexico in the Proposition 187 in the 1990s. b. Associated Press poles showed that illegal immigration was not considered an extremely serious problem. c. â€Å"In Arizona State University’s pole, 81% of legal, registered Latino voters in Arizona voted against the SB 1070 d. Cultural ties to Mexico proved to be a bond many did not want to break, and Florida’s adoption of the policy could result in similar outcomes. e. Barack Obama called the bill misguided and said it would undermine basic notions of fairness that we cherish as Americans, as well as the trust between police and our communities that is so crucial to keeping us safe. If the main concern is crime rates, we should be focusing on other causes. Statistics show that the crime rates in Arizona were actually going down before the law was passed. In fact, the majority of us believe [the Arizona law] will actually cause crime to increase, said Chris Burbank, the police chief of Salt Lake City, Utah. U. S. Customs and Border Protection Agency and the FBIâ€℠¢s statistics for the crime rate in Arizona show that the number of illegal immigrants AND violent crime have decreased over the past several year. FBI Statistics show that Violent crimes reported in Arizona dropped by almost 1500 incidents between 2005-2008 According to the nonpartisan Immigration Policy Institute, proponents of the bill overlook two salient points: Crime rates have already been falling in Arizona for years despite the presence of unauthorized immigrants, and a centurys worth of research has demonstrated that immigrants are less likely to commit crimes or be behind bars than the native-born. According to FBI data, the crime rates in large cities outweigh those in Arizona. Not only is the law costing Arizona millions, they are putting it towards a problem that has actually been declining anyways. Impact of the law economically: Arizona is losing economic gain in areas such as schools and churches. According to the Associated Press, churches with congregations made up largely of immigrants experienced a thirty percent loss of attendance since the bill has been in effect. Area businesses say theyre seeing the effects of people leaving the state. A Food City grocery store in east Phoenix reports a 20 percent to 30 percent drop in business â€Å"Parents have pulled 39 children out of Balsz Elementary, which has a student body that is 75 percent Hispanic, since April 23, the day Gov. Jan Brewer signed the law. In the five-school district, parents have pulled out 111 children, said Superintendent Jeffrey Smith, who cites the law as the leading factor. † These losses mean less income for the state, thus less funding and support. Similar results are highly probably in Florida, who have a high percentage of Latina and Spanish origin citizens.

Profile of Elizabeth How, Persecuted Salem Witch

Profile of Elizabeth How, Persecuted Salem Witch Elizabeth How Facts Known for:  accused witch, executed in the 1692  Salem witch trialsAge at time of Salem witch trials:  about 57Dates:  about 1635 – July 19, 1692Also known as:  Elizabeth Howe, Goody Howe Family, Background: Born in Yorkshire, England, about 1635 Mother: Joane Jackson Father: William Jackson Husband: James How or Howe Jr. (March 23, 1633 – February 15, 1702), married April 1658. He had become blind at the time of the trials. Family connections: Elizabeth’s husband James How Jr. was connected to a number of other Salem witch trial victims. James was the brother of John How. John How was married to Sarah Towne (How), whose father, Edmund Towne, was the brother of Rebecca Towne Nurse, Mary Towne Easty and Sarah Towne Cloyce, all accused of witchcraft as well.Also, James and John How’s mother was Elizabeth Dane How, a sister of the Rev. Francis Dane.  Dane was the father of Abigail Dane Faulkner and Elizabeth Johnson Sr., father-in-law of Deliverance Dane, and a grandfather of several others arrested. Lived in: Ipswitch sometimes noted as Topswitch Elizabeth How and the Salem Witch Trials Elizabeth How was accused by the Perley family of Ipswitch. The parents of the family testified that their 10-year-old daughter was afflicted by How over the course of two to three years. Doctors had diagnosed that the daughter’s affliction was caused by â€Å"an evil hand.† Spectral evidence was offered by Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, Ann Putnam Jr., Abigail Williams, and Mary Warren. On May 28, 1692, an arrest warrant was issued for How, charging her with acts of witchcraft against Mary Walcott, Abigail Williams, and others.  She was arrested the next day and taken to the home of Nathaniel Ingersoll for examination. A formal indictment was prepared on May 29, mentioning that Mercy Lewis had been tortured and afflicted by an act of witchcraft by Elizabeth How. Witnesses included Mercy Lewis, Mary Walcott, Abigail Williams, and members of the Perley family. While she was in jail, she was visited by her husband and daughters. On May 31, Elizabeth How was again examined. She replied to the charges: â€Å"If it was the last moment I was to live, God knows I am innocent of anything of this nature.† Mercy Lewis and Mary Walcott fell into fits.  Walcott said that Elizabeth How had punched and choked her that month.  Ann Putnam testified that How had hurt her three times; Lewis also accused How of hurting her.  Abigail Williams said that How had hurt her many times and had brought â€Å"the book† (the Devil’s book, to sign). Ann Putnam and Mary Warren said they’d been pricked by a pin by How’s spectre. And John Indian fell into a fit, accusing her of biting him. A May 31 indictment cited witchcraft practiced against Mary Walcott.  Elizabeth How, John Alden,  Martha Carrier, Wilmott Redd, and Philip English were  examined  by Bartholomew Gedney, Jonathan Corwin, and John Hathorne Timothy and Deborah Perley, who leveled the initial claims, on June 1 also accused Elizabeth How of afflicting their cow with sickness, causing it to drown itself when they stood against her joining the Ipswich church.  Deborah Perley repeated the charges about afflicting their daughter Hannah. On June 2, Sarah Andrews, sister of Hannah Perley, testified to hearing her afflicted sister blame Elizabeth How for threatening and hurting her, even though their father had questioned the truth of the claim. On June 3, the Rev. Samuel Phillips testified in her defense. He said he had been at the Samuel Perley home when the child was having fits, and though the parents said â€Å"good wife How the wife of James How Junior of Ipswich† was a witch, the child did not say so, even when asked to do so. Edward Payson testified that he had witnessed the Perley daughter’s affliction, and the parents’ questioning her as to How’s involvement, and that the daughter had said: â€Å"no never.† On June 24, a neighbor of 24 years, Deborah Hadley, testified on Elizabeth’s behalf that she had been conscientious in her dealings and â€Å"Christian-like in her conversation.† On June 25, neighbors Simon and Mary Chapman testified that How was a godly woman. On June 27, Mary Cummings testified about a run-in her son Isaac had had with Elizabeth, involving a mare. Her husband Isaac also testified to these charges. On June 28, the son, Isaac Cummings, also testified.  That same day, Elizabeth’s father-in-law, James How Sr., who was about 94 at the time, testified for Elizabeth as a character witness, noting how loving, obedient and kind she was and how she had cared for her husband who had become blind. Joseph and Mary Knowlton testified for Elizabeth How, noting that ten years before they had heard stories of Elizabeth How afflicting the daughter of Samuel Perley.  They had asked Elizabeth about these and Elizabeth had been forgiving of their reports. They noted that she was an honest and good person. Trial: June 29-30, 1692 June 29-30:  Sarah Good, Elizabeth How, Susannah Martin, and Sarah Wildes were tried for witchcraft. On the first day of the trial, Mary Cummings testified that another neighbor had become ill after a sharp exchange with James How Jr. and his wife. On June 30, Francis Lane testified against How, noting the conflict with Samuel Perley. Nehemiah Abbott (married to Elizabeths sister-in-law, Mary Howe Abbott) also testified that when Elizabeth was angry she wished someone would choke, and that person did shortly after; that How’s daughter had attempted to borrow a horse but when he refused, the horse later was injured, and that a cow had also been injured. Her brother-in-law John How testified that Elizabeth had afflicted a sow when Elizabeth was angry with him for asking whether she had afflicted the Perley child. Joseph Safford testified about a church meeting held in the wake of the accusations earlier regarding the Perley child; he said that his wife had attended the meeting and was afterward in a â€Å"raving frenzy† first defending Goody How and then in a trance. Sarah Good, Elizabeth How, Susannah Martin, and Sarah Wildes were all found guilty and condemned to hanging.  Rebecca Nurse was first found not guilty, but when the accusers and spectators loudly protested, the court asked the jury to reconsider the verdict and condemned Nurse to hang as well. On July 1, Thomas Andrews added some charges regarding a sick horse he believed was the one that the Hows wanted to borrow from the Cummings. Elizabeth How was hanged on July 19, 1692, along with Sarah Good, Susannah Martin,  Rebecca Nurse, and Sarah Wilde. Elizabeth How After the Trials The following March, residents of Andover, Salem Village, and Topsfield petitioned on behalf of Elizabeth How,  Rebecca Nurse,  Mary Easty,  Abigail Faulkner, Mary Parker, John Proctor,  Elizabeth Proctor, and Samuel and Sarah Wardwell – all but Abigail Faulkner, Elizabeth Proctor, and Sarah Wardwell had been executed – asking the court to exonerate them for the sake of their relatives and descendants.   In 1709, How’s daughter joined the petition of Phillip English and others to get the victims’ names cleared and to get financial compensation.  In 1711, they finally won the case, and Elizabeth How’s name was mentioned among those who had been unfairly convicted and some executed, and whose convictions were reversed and nullified.

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Annotated Bibliography Example The author, Raymond Boudon is a University Professor and he has published numerous books inclusive of article in academic Journals. Taking into consideration of the difference that values have from culture to culture and century to century, the author presents an empirical, data-based analysis of the presently existing theories about values as he explains why people tend to accept or disregard value statements. The author also classifies deeply the main theories of value that were strongly based on a belief, social, biological factors together those based on rational or utilitarian attitudes. His work has as many similarities as there are differences in comparison to Li (2013) especially regarding his approach to value statement, the origin of values and his proposed reasons as to why people tend to either accept or reject value statement Assessment: This book by Boudon Raymond is helpful in explaining the origin, value, relevance and significance of value to a particular community. This book is instrumental in the application of value theories to political issues and social issues, for instance, in cases such as communitarianism or death penalty, etc. This is a philosophical book by William James DeAngelis, which is currently two years old since its publication. The choice of this book is primarily based on its relevant and explicit explanation of a cultural perspective from the philosophical point of view of Wittgenstein who is known to have tackled the present subject matter-culture and value to some length. William James DeAngelis is an associate Professor of Philosophy and has published numerous philosophical discourses in various academic Journals and Papers. DeAngelis has research interest in various topics that include among others "Philosophy of Mind, Self-Deception, Descartes, Wittgenstein especially Wittgenstein’s

Was the financial crisis of 2007-8 caused by failures inherent within Essay

Was the financial crisis of 2007-8 caused by failures inherent within capitalism or the changing global system - Essay Example Following the economic crisis, the International Labour Organization forecasted unemployment grew from approximately 20 million to 50 million people by the end of 2009. The Food and Agriculture Organization also painted a grim picture of the years following the crisis in their report where the incomes of the poor was falling due to the crisis while the international prices of food commodities was also high. The high food prices coupled with a reduced income for the poor means the number of undernourished people in the world rose to more than one billion for the first time in history in 2009 (Bresser-Pereira 2009, p.1). The magnitude of the 2007-8 financial crisis raises many patient questions based on why it happened, why institutions and theories put in place after previous crises failed to forestall this one, was the crisis predictable based on what many see as a lack of stability of capitalism? This essay argues that it was in fact the changing global system especially in financia l markets after the 1970s that caused the financial crisis of 2007-8 and should not therefore be taken as a failure in capitalism. Consequently the 2007-8 financial crisis associates are associated with financialization and neoliberalism. Financialization as used in this essay is a distortion of financial systems that is characterized by creation of artificial financial wealth, which is financial wealth that has no relation with the mechanisms of production of goods and services. On the other hand, neoliberalism from this perspective not only a fundamental economic liberalism but should be perceived as an ideology that is unsympathetic to the proletariats, to poor and to the welfare state (Epstein 2005, p.3). As with previous global financial crises, the global crisis of 2007-8 began as financial crises in first world countries which was caused by the deregulation of financial markets in developed countries which was followed by widespread speculation that such deregulation made pos sible. Accordingly, these deregulation policies was the historical additional fact that allowed the crisis to take place due to the behavior exhibited by the banking and other financial institutions can be blamed on the deregulation policies of the government. The state failed to undertake a supervisory role that would have identified and forestall the situation (Bresser-Pereira 2009, p.3). Gradual deregulation not only in the US but globally in addition to fragmented financial authorities and the absence of international cooperation encouraged and legitimized the thinking that financial sector had to be free in order to flourish. Both â€Å"macroprudential† and â€Å"microprudential† supervision would have proven effective in regulating the banks given that even if all banks had proper financial practices, unforeseen risks as result of small changes on a broad scale at the macro level could have occurred. Therefore macroprudential supervision would be an innovative ty pe of regulation that is suitable for central banks (Dullien, Kotte, Marquez and Priewe 2010, p.23). Part of the deregulation policies for the period before the crisis was the US Federal Reserve Bank’s monetary policy decision which saw interest rates kept at an all-time low for a long time after the 2001/2 financial period. Such measure resulted in a major increase in the credit supply that was a catalyst for the production of high leverage levels related with the crisis. Financial stability

IP5- Relations in trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IP5- Relations in trade - Essay Example Through these policies, the actual people behind businesses and the production of market prodcuts have a sense of need for their efforts. They do not feel cheated and they feel the essence of their contribution to society. Two of such policies are fair trade and free trade. In the contest of Content Cow Dairy, this write-up seeks to delve into the meaning of these two terms; fair trade and free trade by drawing the distinction between them. It also seeks to identify how fair trade is achieved and run. What is more, the write-up seeks to explore some of the preferred corporate management strategies that would work best for Content Cow Dairy. Finally the write-up would identify problems faced by the organisation’s foreign affiliates and success ways of remeding the situation. Fairtrade and Free Trade – the Similarities and Differences Fairtrade and free trade are commercial policies that are directed towards the betterment of producers of market produce and their trading counterparts. Accordong to the Fairtrade Foundation (2011), fairtrade is a policy that requires â€Å"companies to pay sustainable prices (which must never fall lower than the market price).† The idea and need for starting fairtrade was born out of giving a fair deal to producers. â€Å"A fair deal includes a fair price for goods and services, decent working conditions, and a commitment from buyers so that there is reasonable security for the producers† (Tribes & Fair Trade Travel, 2009). This is to say that fairtrade is generally focused towards ensuring that prodcuers of market produce are not cheated – as far as the sale and purchase of their produce are concerned. Writing on freetrade however, the Greenpeace International (2011) observes that â€Å"the act of opening up economies is known as "free trade" or "trade liberalisation."† Simply put, free trade is about businesses and companies having the opportunity to trading and opening up new branches in other coutries without much restrictions. Similarly, both free trade and fairtrade are concerned with the betterment of people who put their efforts in doing business. However there is some level of difference in the sense that whereas fairtrade targets the producer and makes sure that the producer gets what he or she deserves, free trade focuses on the marketer (perhaps the one who buys from the producer) to ensure that the marketer is not limited in his or her attempt to trade off his or her products. Fairly traded Products and Reasons for their Selection The initiative of fairtrade was of course focused on specific products and not all other products. In the United Kingdom alone, The Fairtrade Foundation (2011) argues that â€Å"The Fairtrade Foundation has licensed over 3,000 Fairtrade certified products for sale through retail and catering outlets.† These 3,000 products have been categorised into components with each having minor set of products under it. These major pr oducts are listed under food and non-food products. Under the food products, the products include; Bananas, Cocoa, Coffee, Dried Fruit, Fresh Fruit & Fresh Vegetables, Honey, Juices, Nuts/Oil Seeds/Oil, Quinoa, Rice, Spices, Sugar, Tea and Wine (Fairtrade Foundatio

Woodspurge Analysis Essay Example for Free

Woodspurge Analysis Essay â€Å"The Woodspurge† is a sixteen-line poem divided into four-line stanzas that describe a grief-stricken narrator in an outdoor setting. In his depressed state, the narrator emotionally observes the details of the woodspurge, a species of weed that has a three-part blossom. The poem’s first stanza presents a countryside and begins to suggest the narrators’s state of mind. The narrator is not walking toward a specific destination; he moves in the direction the wind is blowing and once the wind ceases, he stops and sits in the grass. The fact that his walking and stopping are guided merely by the wind indicates aimlessness and passivity The narrator’s posture in the second stanza indicates that he feels exceedingly depressed. Sitting on the grass he is hunched over with his head between his knees. This shows that he is insecure. His depression is so severe that he cannot even groan aloud or speak a word of grief. His head is cast down, as is his soul – so much that his hair is touching the grass. He remains in this position for an unknown length of time but long enough that he â€Å"heard the day pass†. In the third stanza, â€Å"My eyes, wide open, had the run† let the readers know about the sudden changes in his attitude. He finally accepts what had happened and knows that he has to move on. From his seated position, he says there are â€Å"ten weeds† that his eyes can â€Å"fix upon†. This reflect that he sees his problem and becomes aware of it. He realises that the â€Å"weeds† (his problem) are in his way and the hardiness of the â€Å"weeds† tells that the problem that he faced are hard to be rid of. Out of that group, a flowering woodspurge captures his complete attention and he is dramatically impressed by the detail that it flowers as â€Å"three cups in one†. The narrator attributes his depressed state to â€Å"perfect grief† in the final stanza. He then comments that grief may not function to bring wisdom and may not even be remembered. He implies that he himself learned nothing from his grief that day and can no longer remember its cause. However, â€Å"One thing then learnt remains to me†: He had been visually overwhelmed by the shape of the woodspurge and consequently, its image and the fact that â€Å"The woodspurge has a cup of three† have been vividly burned into his memory forever. Themes and Meanings Although the cause of the narrator’s sorrow is never specified, the poem was written in the spring of 1856 when Rossetti was in an anguished state. He was experiencing intense strife with Elizabeth Siddal over the issue of her desire for marriage. Rossetti was also tormented at that time about relationships with other women and what he perceived as lost of artistic opportunities. However, nothing in the poem points to these specific issues. By leaving the cause of the narrator’s depression unspecified, Rossetti gives universal expression to the psychological phenomenon of acute mental awareness and heightened sensation simultaneously with mental and emotional distress. Although â€Å"The Woodspurge† has a plant’s name as its title, the poem does not have nature, or even the woodspurge itself, as its subject. Nature does play an indirect role in the poem, but it is not the focus here or in other works by Rossetti. Both in his painting and poetry, the function of nature is to act as a background for the presentation of human action and emotion. The depiction of details from nature is not meant to draw attention to nature itself but to mirror an inner experience. In conclusion, â€Å"The Woodspurge† is about the narrator’s grief and that an insignificant detail or image can remain vivid after emotional pain is forgotten. It concentrates on creating emotional effect, accuracy of detail and the use of nature as a framework for the expression of the mental and emotional state of the narrator.